정의 / 설명
perfect passive는 완료 의미와 수동 초점을 결합합니다. 대표형은 has/have been + past participle, had been + past participle입니다.
핵심 규칙
- 현재완료 수동: has/have been + past participle
- 과거완료 수동: had been + past participle
- 완료된 결과를 수동 관점에서 말할 때 사용한다.
- 필요할 때만 by 구를 덧붙인다.
- has been doing과 has been done을 혼동하지 않는다.
예문
- The work has been completed. - 그 작업은 완료되었습니다.
- The email had been sent before lunch. - 그 이메일은 점심 전에 이미 발송되어 있었습니다.
- The tickets have already been sold. - 표는 이미 판매되었습니다.
- The problem had been solved by the time I arrived. - 제가 도착했을 때 문제는 이미 해결되어 있었습니다.
- A new system has been introduced. - 새 시스템이 도입되었습니다.
자주 하는 실수
- ❌ The work has completed. -> ✅ The work has been completed.
- ❌ The email had been send before lunch. -> ✅ The email had been sent before lunch.
- ❌ The tickets have been sold already yesterday. -> ✅ The tickets were sold yesterday. / ✅ The tickets have already been sold.